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Ukrainians in cities across the country awoke to missile strikes before dawn on February 24, 2022.<\/p>\n
Russian president Vladimir Putin and his military planners expected Kyiv to fall within days. State media discussed a joke timeline for the whole thing to be wrapped up in a day with time to spare for a celebratory firework display.<\/p>\n
Their bravado initially seemed justified, as the 190,000-strong invasion force made quick progress south from Belarus towards the capital, in the northeast around Kharkiv and in the south around Kherson and Zaporizhzhia.<\/p>\n
At its greatest extent in late March, Russia controlled some 27 percent of Ukraine\u2019s landmass \u2013 including Crimea and the disputed parts of Donetsk and Luhansk.<\/p>\n
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As NATO support flooded in and Western sanctions clamped down hard on Moscow\u2019s foreign revenue streams, Ukraine made sweeping advances in liberating its territory over the ensuing months.<\/p>\n
A September counteroffensive took back 3,000 square kilometres (1,150 square miles) in just six days, and by October, having failed to take Kyiv as planned early on, Putin withdrew completely from the north.<\/p>\n
In November, the Ukrainian military forced a hasty retreat over the Dnipro River from Kherson in the south, as Russian forces surrendered the only provincial capital it had captured in the war.<\/p>\n
By this point, 54 percent of the land the Kremlin had captured had been reclaimed, according to the Institute for the Study of War, and its leaders changed tack.<\/p>\n
Instead of pushing for more ground, Russia consolidated its hold on the regions of Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson through illegitimate annexations. Over the ensuing months, the new sham border was barricaded beyond recognition.<\/p>\n
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Don’t miss… <\/strong> Rows upon rows of \u201cdragon\u2019s teeth\u201d \u2013 pyramidal blocks of reinforced concrete \u2013 were laid to stop tanks and armoured vehicles, along with ditches, wire entanglements, trenches and command bunkers, as well as an \u201cindustrial level\u201d of mine-laying.<\/p>\n These proved a major impediment as the spring counteroffensive kicked off in earnest in early June. After a month, top Ukrainian military official General Oleksii Hromov said his forces had retaken nine settlements and 160 square kilometres (62 square miles) of territory in the Zaporizhzhia and Donetsk regions.<\/p>\n With some 100,000 square kilometres (39,000 square miles) remaining, few observers missed the fact that at this rate fully repelling the invader would take over 50 years.<\/p>\n With little to show by the time of the summer\u2019s NATO summit in July, even Zelensky was pressed to note a \u201ckind of stagnation\u201d in the face of huge expectations.<\/p>\n The breakthrough in recent days marks the most significant leap forward Ukrainian forces have made since.<\/p>\n Footage from the battlefield circulating online showed a Ukraine-operated armoured vehicle on the streets of Verbove, part of the Surovikin line \u2013 a formidable 81-mile trench system that had until now proved impenetrable.<\/p>\n General Tarnavskiy acknowledged the advance had so far been slower than hoped, but added that \u201cthe main thing is not to lose this initiative.\u201d<\/p>\n Seizing Verbove is a critical milestone for Ukraine as it seeks to push towards the coastal cities of Melitopol and Berdyansk, which would sever Russia\u2019s land route between Crimea and the mainland.<\/p>\n Stationed in Sevastopol on the peninsula, Russia\u2019s Black Sea fleet \u2013 seen as the flagship unit of its Navy \u2013 is a major target for Ukraine, responsible for missile launches that have inflicted devastation upon the south of the country.<\/p>\n Kyiv has retaliated in kind in recent weeks, attacking port facilities and destroying a sophisticated S-400 air defence system.<\/p>\n A series of kamikaze drone attacks were also directed at Crimea\u2019s bridge with Russia in July, isolating the heavily armed peninsula further.<\/p>\n
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